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Erik Charell (April 8, 1894 – July 15, 1974), born as Erich Karl Löwenberg,〔Reports of Deaths of American Citizens Abroad, 1960, 1963-1974 (on-line ). Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.〕 was a German theatre and film director, dancer and actor. He is best known as the creator of musical revues and operettas, such as ''White Horse Inn'' (''Im weißen Rössl'') and ''The Congress Dances'' (''Der Kongress tanzt''). ==Life and career== Charell was born as Erich Karl Löwenberg in Breslau. He was the first child of Markus Löwenberg and Ida Korach. He also had a sister, Betti, who was born in 1886, and a younger brother named Ludwig, who was born in 1889 and later became Charell's manager. Charell studied dance in Berlin. He was discovered, according his own account, by the press in 1913 during a performance of the ballet-pantomime ''Venezianische Abenteuer eines jungen Mannes'' by playwright Karl Vollmöller in a production of director Max Reinhardt at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin.〔Hennenberg, Fritz, Ralph Benatzky. Operette auf dem Weg zum Musical, Wien 2009.〕 He founded his own company, the Charell-Ballett, and toured Europe during and after the World War I. The musical director of his company was the young Friedrich Holländer (later a famous film composer.) In two silent movies, Paul Lenis' ''Prinz Kuckuck – Die Höllenfahrt eines Wollüstlings'' (1919) and Richard Oswald's ''Nachtgestalten'' (1920) he demonstrated his brilliance as an actor. Reinhardt appointed Charell as assistant stage manager for the tour production of Vollmöller's ''The Miracle'' in New York in 1923. After his return to Germany in 1924, Charell and his brother Ludwig were offered to take over the management of the Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin, which belonged to Reinhardt's theatre empire, the so called Reinhardt Bühnen. In 1924 Charell presented his first revue, ''An Alle''. He managed to engage the “Tiller-Girls”, an internationally famous girl group from London. His aim was to mix German operetta with exotic ingredients such as jazz, "negro music" and "the most enchanting Dancing-Girls with divine legs", in order to show that revue made in Berlin could be "as contemporary as the jazz band, that turns the Siegmund-jodeling and Siegfried-screaching to laughter" and is "as modern as Mozart or the mini-automobile", as Charell's personal friend and PR genius Alfred Flechtheim phrased it in the 1924 article "Vom Ballet zur Revue" in the magazine ''Der Querschenitt''. "Charell wants us to witness the many different facets from all around the world”.〔Flechtheim, Alfred, „Vom Ballett zur Revue“, in: Alfred Flechtheim: »Nun mal Schluß mit den blauen Picassos!«. Sämtliche Schriften, published by Rudolf Schmitt-Föller, Bonn, Weidle Verlag 2010, p. 210-215. http://www.ralph-benatzky.com/main.php?cat=4&sub_cat=10&task=3&art_id=000333〕 This show was followed by the revues ''Für Dich'' (1925) and ''Von Mund zu Mund'' (1926), which were arranged by composer Ralph Benatzky and contained music by Irving Berlin, Jerome Kern and many others. After the series of revues, Charell began adapting classic operettas such as The Mikado, ''Wie einst im Mai'', Madame Pompadour and Die lustige Witwe and turned them into modern jazzy revue operettas, claiming that he needed a plot line for his show, that had been missing in the pure revues before. A few years later, he decided to create his very own operettas with composer Ralph Benatzky. Together they wrote the trilogy of historical revue-operettas, which made Charell famous to this day: ''Casanova'' (1928), Die drei Musketiere (1929) and Im weißen Rößl/The White Horse Inn (1930). Especially ''Im weißen Rößl'' was one of the most successful creations of Charell's career. In the following years he himself staged the show in London (1931), Paris (1932) and New York (1936), where each production was newly conceived, the script translated differently, and new music and instrumentation were added in some parts. Many actors and singers, such as Marlene Dietrich, Joseph Schmidt, Max Hansen and Camilla Spira, who all became famous later, first appeared in major roles in Charell productions. Charell also discovered the boy group Comedian Harmonists and presented them for the first time in ''Casanova'' at the Große Schauspielhaus. The reaction of the international press was positive, the New York Times noting that “Erik Charell seems to have done it again. 'Casanova', his latest operetta production at the Grosses Schauspielhaus, is filling this huge circus to its stylized rafters”.〔Trask, C. Hooper, “But the Germans Like It”, in: The New York Times, November 4, 1928 http://www.ralph-benatzky.com/main.php?cat=4&sub_cat=10&task=3&art_id=000093〕 After this string of stage successes, Charell moved on to the new and innovative genre of sound film operetta. In 1931, Universum Film AG (Ufa) producer Erich Pommer invited Charell to direct ''Der Kongreß tanzt'', (sets by Ernst Stern, music by Werner Richard Heymann), one of the most successful films of the early era of sound film, with one review in the New York Times saying that “() is a stupendous pictorial film. () it is () an exceptional film entertainment. The director, Erik Charell, is the Ziegfeld of the German musical comedy stage”〔Movie review in: The New York Times, November 22, 1931. http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9906EFD71131E13ABC4A51DFB767838A629EDE〕 and another noting that “It is a charming spectacle of Vienna in 1814, filled with tuneful melodies that one likes to remember and blessed with pleasing light comedy”.〔Hall, Mordaunt, “Der Kongress Tanzt (1931)”, in: The New York Times, May 12, 1932. http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D06E5D9153EE633A25751C1A9639C946394D6CF〕 The international success of ''Der Kongreß tanzt'' led to an engagement in Hollywood, where Charell directed the movie ''Caravan'', again with sets by Ernst Stern and music by Werner Richard Heymann. When the Nazis took over in January 1933, the Ufa immediately annulled their contract with Charell because of his Jewish descent. They also cancelled all plans for two further contractually agreed upon film projects, one a film operetta based on the Odyssey with Hans Albers in the male lead. Three years later a German court even sentenced Charell to return the 26.000 Reichsmark, which had been paid to him as an advance.〔“The fictitious death of a non-arian”, in: Pariser Tageszeitung, October 3, 1937.〕 When ''Caravan'' flopped in the US and internationally, his Hollywood career and all other American film projects came to an immediate halt. The New York Times noted “If lyric loveliness and photographic charm were all a picture needed to keep an audience enthralled, Mr. Charell could be toasted in good tokay this morning, and 'Caravan' could be applauded until the bottle is dry. But the sober fact is that the new film is an exceptionally tedious enterprise”.〔Sennwald, Andre, "Caravan", in: The New York Times, September 28, 1934. http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D03E5DC123FE53ABC4051DFBF66838F629EDE〕 One of the cancelled projects was a film about ballet dancer Vaslav Nijinsky for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). It would have been an interesting project, since Charell in his dancing days was often compared by the German press to Nijinsky. In 1936, Charell staged a successful Broadway production of ''White Horse Inn''. The New York Times noted that it “involves mountain scenery and hotel architecture, costumes beautiful and varied enough to bankrupt a designer's imagination, choruses that can do anything from the hornpipe to a resounding slap-dance, grand processionals with royalty loitering before the commoners, a steamboat, a yacht, a char-à-banc, four real cows and a great deal more of the same. Indeed, the enthusiasm with which 'White Horse Inn' has been created has virtually transformed the enormous Center Theatre into a Tyrol village”.〔Atkinson, Brooks, With Horse Inn', an Elaborate Musical Show, Opens the Season in Rockefeller City", in: The New York Times, October 2, 1936. http://www.ralph-benatzky.com/main.php?task=30&page=6&art_id=000069〕 The Daily Mirror mentioned that “it is difficult to give you an idea of the immensity of 'White Horse Inn'. It is gargantuan. It is the Queen Mary of extravaganzas. () It boasts acres of settings, hundreds of performers. It is a grand and glittering sight for the eyes.”〔Coleman, Robert, “White Horse Inn”, in: The Daily Mirror, October 2, 1936. http://www.ralph-benatzky.com/main.php?task=30&page=8&art_id=000040〕 There was even talk of a film version with Eddie Cantor as the head waitor. (Warner Brothers were co-producers of the Broadway staging.) Spurred by the success of ''White Horse Inn'', Charell adapted Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream as a jazz operetta and presented it as ''Swinging the Dream'' on Broadway at the Center Theatre in 1939.〔Berg, Marita, “ »Det Jeschäft ist richtig!« Die Revueoperetten des Erik Charell“, in: Musik-Konzepte, Heft 133/134. Im weißen Rössl. Zwischen Kunst und Kommerz, published by Ulrich Tadday, edition text + kritik in Richard Boorberg Verlag, 2006, p. 76-77.〕 It was a daring and innovative production, because Charell used only black actors and singers, including Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Maxine Sullivan, Moms Mabley, Dorothy Dandridge and Butterfly McQueen. Furthermore, the stage sets were based on Walt Disney motifs. The music was written by Jimmy van Heusen, Benny Goodman conducted his own band and the choreography was by Agnes de Mille. But the production closed after only 13 performances, mainly because white Broadway audiences at the time were not ready for an all-black cast. A review in the New York Times described the show as a “negro carnival”, noting that “between Shakespeare and Goodman, Goodman wins”.〔Atkinson, Brooks, "Swingin' Shakespeare's Dream", in: The New York Times, November 30, 1939.〕 After the war, Charell returned to Europe. In Munich he had a big success with the musical comedy ''Feuerwerk'' (music by Paul Burkhard) at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz. The song O mein Papa became an international hit. In the 1950s, Charell created a stage version of ''Der Kongreß tanzt'', which was performed in France, but the French public was not enthusiastic. His two big productions were the film versions of ''Im weißen Rößl'' with Nazi operetta star Johannes Heesters in 1952, and ''Feuerwerk'' with Lilli Palmer and the young Romy Schneider in 1954. After failing to write a sequel to ''Im weißen Rößl'' with his original librettist Robert Gilbert, Charell spend most of his time of the 1960s buying and selling art. Together with his brother Ludwig he owned a collection of Toulouse-Lautrec-lithographs, which was exhibited in Canada in 1953〔https://www.gallery.ca/en/see/exhibitions/events/exhibition_details/1466/lang:en〕 and in other major museums of the world. In 1969 he received the German movie prize, the Filmband in Gold, for his “excellent works and outstanding contributions to the history of the German movie”. He died on July 15, 1974 in Munich and was cremated on the Eastern cemetery. In his obituary it says: “28 friends gave him the last farewell in the city, to which he had a special love. A movie producer spoke to his memories, and to honour this charmer, who consciously and prudently managed his graceful talents, the triumph march of Verdi's opera 'Aida' sounded across the cemetery”.〔Drews, Wolfgang, „Letzter Gruß für Eric () Charell“, in: Tagesspiegel, July 24, 1974.〕 The urn was interred in a cemetery in Grünwald near Munich. Charell's partner Friedrich Zanner and Dr. Wolf Schwarz, a lawyer and friend, were appointed to manage the estate and the personal property.〔Reports of Deaths of American Citizens Abroad, 1960, 1963-1974 (on-line ). Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.〕 His collection of Lautrec-lithographs was sold by Sotheby's in 1978. The Schwules Museum Berlin dedicated an exhibition to Charell and his work from July 7 to September 27, 2010. It was curated by Kevin Clarke. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Erik Charell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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